 | | Trans Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Disease |
|  | | Competing interests |
|
 | | www.notransfatnyc.org |
|  | | Outline of presentation |
|
 | | Factory workers needed bread en butter |
|  | | You cannot put cottonseed oil on bread.. |
|
 | | 1902: Wilhelm Norman patents the hardening of edible oils through hydrogenation |
|  | | Partial hydrogenation gave food manufacturers control over the properties of a major food ingredient |
|
 | | A polyunsaturated fatty acid: linoleic acid |
|  | | Hydrogenation converts essential polyunsaturated fatty acids into saturated and trans fatty acids |
|
 | | Saturated fats stack up like planks in a stack of wood, creating hard fats. |
|  | | Why food manufacturers like the trans fat in partially hydrogenated oils |
|
 | | Partially hydrogenated cottonseed oil |
|  | | Outline of presentation |
|
 | | In 1990 Mensink & Katan showed that trans fat lowers HDL and raises LDL |
|  | | Effect of trans and saturated fat on the LDL:HDL ratio in 9 controlled trials |
|
 | | Trans fatty acids raise the bad cholesterol and lower the good cholesterol, so they ought to increase the risk of heart disease. Do they? |
|  | | Risk of coronary heart disease as a function of industrial trans fat intake in prospective studies |
|
 | | Trans fat and cardiovascular disease: quality of the evidence |
|  | | Trials of endothelial function as a surrogate for clinical trials |
|
 | | Measurement of arterial diameter |
|  | | Flow-mediated dilation after cuff release is a measure of endothelial ‘health’ |
|
 | | Trans fat impairs endothelial-dependent vasodilation in volunteers |
|  | | Effects of trans fats on lipids and flow-mediated dilation are consistent with associations with CHD |
|
 | | “Pleiotropic” effects of trans fat |
|  | | Why is the ‘effect’ in epidemiology larger than predicted from the effect on lipids? |
|
 | | Outline of presentation |
|  | | The two sources of trans fat |
|
 | | Saturated and trans fatty acids in Dutch margarines, 1980-1996 |
|  | | Saturated and trans fatty acids in Dutch frying fats, 1980-2004 |
|
 | | Trans fat intake in the 1960s and 2006 |
|  | | Sources of trans fat in the Dutch diet |
|
 | | Trans fat intake has plunged |
|  | | Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on lipoproteins in healthy humans |
|
 | | Why study CLA? |
|  | | “Animal” trans fatty acids: uncertainties |
|
 | | Conjugated Linoleic Acid: a ruminant trans fatty acid sold as a weight loss supplement |
|  | | Objective |
|
 | | Design of CLA trial |
|  | | Controlled dietary intervention |
|
 | | Effect of industrial and ‘natural’ trans fat on blood lipids relative to oleic acid |
|  | | Dosis of trans fat and ΔLDL/HDL in published trials of industrial and animal trans fat |
|
 | | What would vaccenic acid do to the LDL/HDL ratio? |
|  | | Conclusions |
|
 | | Thank you for your attention |
|  | | Unsaturated fatty acids in native triglycerides have kinks and there is rotation around the kinks |
|
 | | So unsaturated triglycerides will not stack and therefore remain liquid |
|  | | Hydrogenation changes the melting properties of triglycerides |
|
 | | Saturated and trans-unsaturated fatty acids are straight and allow triglycerides to crystallize |
|  | | The Gap: Predicted effect on heart disease risk of reducing trans intake by 2 energy% (~ 5 gram/d) |
|
 | | Why is there a gap? |
|  | | Cis- and trans isomers and nomenclature |
|
 | | Distribution of trans fatty acid isomers in milk and industrial fats |
|  | | How different is natural trans from industrial trans? |
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